College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Dept. of Entomology

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Bee Phylogeny Overview

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Molecular Systematics of Bees (genes and primers)

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Arginine Kinase

Arginine kinase is an important metabolic enzyme that is highly expressed in the brain, antennae, and compound eyes in bees (Kucharski & Maleszka 1998). Complete sequences are available for the honey bee (Apis mellifera; AF023619), fruit-fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and migratory locust (Schistocerca gregaria). Primers developed for phylogenetic studies of bumble bees (Kawakita et al. 2003) work on a diversity of short-tongued bees, including members of the the family Colletidae. We are in the process of expanding this approximately 500 bp data set using newly developed primers from the 3' end of the gene. We are currently able to amplify and sequence an approximately 1000 bp fragment of this gene, including two introns. This gene appears to evolve at roughly the same rate as LW rhodopsin. Primers and a map of the gene are provided in the pdf files below.

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Gene Information:

Map of Arginine kinase gene (.pdf file)
Arginine kinase primer information (.pdf file)

Related Papers:

Kawakita, A., T. Sota, J.S. Ascher, M. Ito, H. Tanaka, & M. Kato (2003). Evolution and phylogenetic utility of alignment gaps within intron sequences of three nuclear genes in bumble bees (Bombus). Mol. Biol. Evol. 20(1): 87-92. (.pdf file)

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